SPAIN IN THE 17TH - 18TH CENTURIES.
During the 16th century, Spain was the most powerful and important country in the world.
The 17th century meant the decline of Spain. This happened because of several reasons:
1. Spain took an important part in the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648). Which meant a waste in weapons and armies.
2. Gold and Silver from America didn't arrive in Spanish shores due to pirates attacks and storms.
3. The Netherlands rose up against their Spanish rulers and this meant a waste on weapons and armies to control it.
4. Kings spent a lot of money on wars, they did not spend money on people, so they became poorer and poorer.
The Thirty Years' War (1618 –1648)
It was caused due to religious (the Protestants and Catholics were the two groups that disagree) and economic reasons. A lot of people died because of fights, famine, and diseases.
It took place in central Europe. With the following countries involved: France, Germany, Spain, Sweden, Austria,....It was one of the longest and most destructive conflicts in European history.
The war ended with the Treaty of Westphalia (Paz de Westfalia)
The Peace:
1.- Granted religious freedom in Europe
2.- Spain lost a lot of territories from Europe, among them Portugal and the Netherlands.
During the 17th century, there were three kings in Spain: Felipe III, Felipe IV, and Carlos II. All of them from the house of Austria.
HABSBURG DINASTY KINGS.
Felipe III inherited the largest and most powerful empire in the world in 1598. During his reign, Moriscos were expelled causing depopulation in many parts of Spain (275.000 moriscos were expelled). He was not a good monarch and suffered from weak health.
These kings were not interested in ruling Spain and they had VALIDOS. The kings only wanted to go hunting, go to parties, have a good time, etc. Validos were ministers that ruled the kingdom instead of the king, he took important decisions for him.
-Duque de Lerma, valido of Felipe III. He believed that expensive wars could ruin the monarchy financially and followed a peace policy. He convinced Felipe III to move the court to Valladolid and then back to Madrid, so he could win money by renting his properties to different people from the court.
Felipe IV took the throne in 1621
He was smarter than his father, Felipe III, but weak to govern. Spain was in a weak economic, social (many plagues made population decrease) and political situation. He became king very early in age and El Conde Duque de Olivares became the king's guardian at the age of 10.
He was smarter than his father, Felipe III, but weak to govern. Spain was in a weak economic, social (many plagues made population decrease) and political situation. He became king very early in age and El Conde Duque de Olivares became the king's guardian at the age of 10.
-Conde Duque de Olivares, valido of Felipe IV, for more than 20 years. He introduced financial reforms to reduce expenses and tried to increase royal power by restricting the autonomy of their kingdoms. With Felipe IV Spain went back to war and intervened in the Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648) that ended with the Peace of Westphalia. Spain recognized the independence of the United Provinces. France became then the leading power in Europe (absolutism with Luis XIV)
Carlos II weak of health and character. With him, Spain continued his decline. He was the last from the Habsburg family. Spain declared bankruptcy nine times between 1557 and 1666. Most of the power lay in the hands of his mother, Mariana of Austria, who ruled for him since he was just a kid when his father Felipe IV died.
He had no children so there were two candidates to succeed him. At his death he left the Spanish throne to his grand-nephew, Philip of Anjou or Felipe de Borbón, his choice basically caused the War of Spanish Succession 1701-1713.
His validos were:
- Padre Nithard
- Fernando de Valenzuela
- Duque de Medinaceli.
- Conde de Oropesa
He had no children so there were two candidates to succeed him. At his death he left the Spanish throne to his grand-nephew, Philip of Anjou or Felipe de Borbón, his choice basically caused the War of Spanish Succession 1701-1713.
His validos were:
- Padre Nithard
- Fernando de Valenzuela
- Duque de Medinaceli.
- Conde de Oropesa
The economic crisis of the C17.
Spain went through a serious economic recession in the 17th century
-Agricultural and livestock production decrease and therefore population declined.
-Craft activities decreased due to the highest taxes and external competition.
-Trade with America also decreased
-Kings continued to borrow money for their wars and personal expenses until they declared bankruptcy.
C18
War of Succession
With the death of Carlos II in 1700 the War of Succession took place since he did not leave any heirs.
The War of Succession took place from 1701 to 1714 between the Bourbons and the Habsburgs or Austrias. Felipe V de Borbón and El Archiduque Carlos de Austria
The War ended with the Treaty of Utrecht and Felipe V became king of Spain.
BOURBON DYNASTY KINGS Felipe V established a new form of government, an absolute monarchy. He also created new laws. He established the Salic Law, women could not become queen.
He developed
Fernando VI: heir of Felipe V who built new roads and water canals.
Carlos III, modernised Spain. He tried to bring out Spain from its crisis. Cities became cleaner and safer. He introduced sewage systems, water systems, street lights and pavements. He also created hospitals, museums, gardens, fountains and monuments.
Carlos IV, not a good king that left the reign on the hands of Manuel Godoy.
With the death of Carlos II in 1700 the War of Succession took place since he did not leave any heirs.
The War of Succession took place from 1701 to 1714 between the Bourbons and the Habsburgs or Austrias. Felipe V de Borbón and El Archiduque Carlos de Austria
The War ended with the Treaty of Utrecht and Felipe V became king of Spain.
BOURBON DYNASTY KINGS Felipe V established a new form of government, an absolute monarchy. He also created new laws. He established the Salic Law, women could not become queen.
He developed
Fernando VI: heir of Felipe V who built new roads and water canals.
Carlos III, modernised Spain. He tried to bring out Spain from its crisis. Cities became cleaner and safer. He introduced sewage systems, water systems, street lights and pavements. He also created hospitals, museums, gardens, fountains and monuments.
Carlos IV, not a good king that left the reign on the hands of Manuel Godoy.
THE ENLIGHTENMENT
The 18th century was called the Century of light or Enlightenment. Enlightenment brought cultural changes to many cities in Europe.
1.- Human intelligence was considered more important than religion
2.- People thought they could improve their lives with education
3.- These ideas led to the French Revolution 1789
BARROCO or BAROQUE
Baroque: The word “baroque” derives from the Portuguese and Spanish words for a large, irregularly - shaped pearl (“barroco” and “barrueco,” respectively). It was a European cultural movement that developed during the C17 and C18 influenced by the religious tensions that divided Europe:
-Protestant countries.
Arts: was inspired by classical forms. Showing reality as it was. Works were full of movement and contrast.
-Literature: major works written. Shakespeare, Moliere,
In Spain: Cervantes (Don Quijote de la Mancha), Lope de Vega (Fuenteovejuna, La Dama Boba, El Perro del Hortelano), Pedro Calderón de la Barca (El alcalde de Zalamea, La vida es sueño), Luis de Góngora (Soledades) and Francisco de Quevedo (La vida del Buscón)
-Music: time of great composers such as Bach, Handel or Vivaldi
-Architecture: Gian Lorenzo Bernini (Plaza de San Pedro en el Vaticano)
In Spain: Los Hermanos Churriguera created their own style “churrigueresco” with extremely ornate decoration. (Plaza Mayor de Salamanca)
Characteristics:
Curved lines and spiral columns
Curved lines and spiral columns
Light effects
Ornamentation on facades
Use of fine materials (marble)
-Painting: Caravaggio, Rembrandt, Rubens.
In Spain: Velazquez (Las Meninas, Las Hilanderas…), José de Ribera (el sueño de Jaboc, La mujer barbuda), Francisco de Zurbarán (La Inmaculada, Sta Margarita, Cristo en la Cruz), Bartolomé Esteban Murillo (muchacho con un perro, Los niños de la concha, Sta Ana enseñando a leer a la Virgen)
Characteristics: variety of subjects (religion, mythology, portraits, daily life scenes, landscapes and still life paintings)
People were represented realistically
Scenes showed movements and energy
Scenes showed strong emotions.
DIEGO DE VELAZQUEZ. A leading artist in the court of King Philip IV. Because of Velazquez' great skill in merging color, light, space, the rhythm of line, and mass in such a way that all have equal value, he was known as "the painters' painter.”
- Science begins to challenge religion, Earth is not the center of the universe (Copernicus)
Value on the original work is a modern notion.
Descartes, Kepler, Tartaglia, Copérnico, Galileo, Newton
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